![]() The overall behaviour is consistent among individual years, making the observed seasonal cycle a robust general feature of TLE activity above Europe. mostly sprites, is shown to be largely consistent with lightning activity, with a 1/1000 of observed TLE-to-lightning ratio in regions with most observations. The two seasons peak, respectively, in August and November, separated by March and April with almost no TLEs, and a relative minimum around September. The climatology shows intense TLE activity during summer over continental areas and in late autumn over coastal areas and sea. The majority of TLEs were classified as sprites, 641 elves, 280 halos, 70 upward lightning, 2 blue jets and 1 gigantic jet. The number of TLEs per thunderstorm was found to follow a power law, with less than 10 TLEs for 801 thunderstorms and up to 195 TLEs above the most prolific one. For many years it has been suggested that transient luminous events (TLE) occurring over thunderstorms may produce significant modifications to neutral. Because of this unprecedented number of European observations, it was possible to construct a climatology of 8394 TLEs observed above 1018 thunderstorm systems and study for the first time their distribution and seasonal cycle above Europe and parts of the Mediterranean Sea. The Juno spacecraft has been in orbit around Jupiter since 2016. In 2009 through 2013, the number of optical observations of TLEs reached a peak of 2000 per year. The observations are consistent with transient luminous events which occur in the upper atmosphere in response to tropospheric lightning. Since then, Eurosprite campaigns have been conducted to observe sprites and other transient luminous events (TLEs), expanding into a network covering large parts of Europe and coastal areas. In 1999, the first sprites were observed above European thunderstorms using sensitive cameras. Large thunderstorms are capable of producing other kinds of electrical phenomena called transient luminous events (TLEs) that occur high in the atmosphere. Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) In 2009 throug.įull description Bibliographic Details Authors: In 1999, the first sprites were observed above European thunderstorms using sensitive cameras.
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